A well balanced and wholesome diet is extremely important for maintenance of human health. Among the different nutrients needed by the body, Vitamin B12 is a critically important nutrient that has a profound impact on the body. Belonging to the B complex group of vitamins, the function of B12 vitamin includes maintenance of several processes within the body. Several important body functions are largely dependent on B12 vitamin.

The most important function of B12 vitamin is development of red blood cells and DNA synthesis. B12 is responsible for several critical biochemical reactions within the body. These reactions assist in DNA development as well as development of several hormones, fats and proteins. B12 is also responsible for working with folate in several processes including production of DNA. With deficiency of B12 vitamin, several problems can arise and these include extreme weakness, memory problems, menstrual problems, disorientation, problems in walking, mood changes etc.

A major function of B12 is conversion of homocysteine into methionine. Homocysteine is a vessel and nerve toxin while causes oxidative damage along with damage to blood vessels thereby resulting in cardiovascular diseases. Methylcobalamin which is vitamin B12, is required for bringing the homocysteine levels down by converting homocysteine into methionine. With deficiency of vitamin B12, most common problem is anemia since there is less production of red blood cells and the existing red blood cells are too large. In the absence of enough vitamin B12, DNA production can also slow down.

Another extremely important function of B12 is the development and maintenance of functioning of the brain as well as the nervous system. Vitamin B12 is responsible for development or production of myelin which is a critical protective coating surrounding the nerve fibers. This coating is needed to produce neurotransmitters which are chemicals carrying nerve signals among cells. In the absence of adequate B12, the production of neurotransmitters may be affected and this in turn can result in problems like memory issues, dementia etc. Such problems are often seen in elderly individuals and attributed to age issues. However low B12 levels may be the primary causes for these problems and need to be properly investigated. Adequate levels of vitamin B12 are extremely critical during the pregnancy period since it is needed for cell division and DNA production and so it is required for normal growth as well as development of the fetus. Low B12 levels have also been associated with neural tube defects, spina bifida and anencephaly.

B12 deficiency also has far reaching consequences by giving rise to conditions wherein the body becomes susceptible to cancer. This is because lack of B12 vitamin tends to trap folate in form that cannot be used by body for synthesis of DNA. With lack of B12 and folate, there is increased DNA damage and this gives rise to increased risk of suffering from cancer. Research also seems to suggest that there is a link between women suffering from breast cancer and low serum B12 levels. There are greater number of animal sources for Vitamin B12 compared to plant sources and for individuals opting for vegetarian and vegan lifestyle, B12 supplements is the best option.